A health disparity is a type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2020). Disparities can occur by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, location, gender, disability, and sexual orientation. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines special emphasis populations as “groups who face particular risks from drinking alcohol based on personal characteristics such as age or gender” (NIAAA, 2020).
Special emphasis populations recognized by NIAAA include:
Underage youth – due to the ongoing risks of underage drinking and the illegality of the practice.
Emerging adults (ages 18 to 28) – due to this population having the highest risk for alcohol ad drug use problems of any age group (Wagner et al., 2020).
Older adults (age 65 and older) – due to age-related increased sensitivity to alcohol, Having health problems which are often adversely affected by use of alcohol, and often taking medications that are subject to negative consequences when taken with alcohol (NIAAA, 2020). Older adults also have unique risks for substance use disorder related to aging, including worry about health concerns, boredom, loss of friends and loved ones, shame, and the belief that their alcohol use does not harm anyone else.
Women – due to having higher risks than men related to consuming alcohol, such as liver damage, heart diseases, brain damage, and breast cancer; for whom issues of pregnancy and fetal alcohol exposure are unique; and who have high rates of trauma, abuse, and rape (NIAAA, 2020; Covington, 2002).
Individuals experiencing co-occurring disorders – due to the complexities of treating multiple disorders along with substance use disorders, poly-drug use, and often greater problem severity (NIAAA, 2020).
And ethnic and racial minorities (specifically Hispanics/Latinx, Blacks, and Native Americans) – due to being underserved, experiencing more negative consequences of illness and death than other populations, experiencing greater economic hardship, stress, systemic discrimination, while having fewer available recovery resources.
These disparities are more easily understood when looking at the data that drove the initial Healthy People 2020 program. The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Office of Minority Health (OMH) released a new HealthyPeople.gov data search function.
This Health Disparities widget is a new way for you to access information regarding health disparities.
The widget provides charts and graphs of disparities data at your fingertips. You can easily search by:
Because disparities can occur in such a broad spectrum of areas, the negative impact can be severe. Areas impacted include access to healthcare insurance coverage, access to care itself, and access to quality car. The disparities for impacted groups are not explained by differences in health needs, patient preferences, or treatment recommendations and are often connected to social, economic, or environmental disadvantage linked to Social Determinants of Health (KKF, 2020). Other elements that impact health and healthcare disparities are socioeconomic status, language, citizenship status, sexual identity and orientation, immigration status, and length of time in the country (KFF, 2020).
Some populations also contain subgroups with multiple disadvantages that are at even greater risk of health and healthcare disparities. The impact of COVID-19 is one example. According to one compilation of case studies from 13 countries around the globe, the pandemic is disproportionately affecting the poor, minorities, and other vulnerable populations (Shadmi et al., 2020).
In a recent Alcohol Research Current Reviews issue, the authors noted that “Despite widespread common usage of the term “recovery,” obtaining expert consensus on the essential elements for defining recovery from AUD has proved challenging” (Wagner & Baldwin, 2020). The authors cite the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) definition of recovery as “a process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live a self-directed life, and strive to reach their full potential” while also referring to the Betty Ford Institute Consensus Panel definition of “a voluntarily maintained lifestyle” characterized by sobriety (abstinence from alcohol and nonprescribed drugs), personal health (improved quality of personal life), and citizenship (respect for others). Definitions by William White and other authors were also cited. Among the definitions of recovery by Kaskutas and colleagues were three common factors (1) “abstinence” (no use of alcohol); (2) “essential recovery” (being honest with oneself, handling negative feelings without drinking or using, enjoying life without drinking or using); and (3) “enriched recovery” (ongoing growth and development, reacting to life in a more balanced way, taking responsibility) “(Kaskutas et al., 2014). In order to meet the challenges of recovery, minority and special emphasis populations by definition have limited economic and social capital both before and during recovery (Wagner & Baldwin, 2020). Some of the disadvantages which challenge their success in recovery include the following key social determinants:
These inequities result in successful recovery for special emphasis populations being less likely for special emphasis populations than for those who are not subject to the same life context (Wagner & Baldwin, 2020). The authors conclude that rigorous empirical studies of recovery from alcohol use disorder by minority populations are needed to move forward with correcting existing inequities.
For Health Equity and Cultural Competence Resources visit the CASAT OnDemand Resources & Downloads page of our website.
August 9, 2022, from 9:00 am – 11: 30 am
This training will provide participants a learning opportunity to move forward with the understanding of Equity and Diversity Inclusion work. Most have had training and learning opportunities in “Cultural Competence,” however, there continue to be struggles and issues finding the best ways to connect and treat our client populations. During this training, participants will work through cultural dynamics and advance our work.
Presented by: Brandon Jones, M.A.
Continuing Education Units: 2.5 CEUs
What topics would you like to see the latest research for? Please list your suggestions in the comments below!
The original article was developed by Stephanie Asteriadis Pyle, PhD, and has been adapted and updated by Heather Haslem, M.S. Feel free to use, link to, or distribute this information. A link to our site and attribution would be much appreciated.
“An Ecological Snapshot of Racial Inequity: How We Got Here and Where We Need to Go Together” was a webinar presented on September 22, 2020 with guest speaker, Mr. Albert Thompson from Howard University. This webinar was part of the ATTC and PTTC Networks’ listening session and strategic discussion series on emerging issues around COVID-19 and social determinants of health for the substance use prevention, treatment, and recovery workforces.
Covington S. Helping women recover: Creating gender-responsive treatment. In: Straussner S, Brown S, eds. The Handbook of Addiction Treatment for Women: Theory and Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2002:52-72.
Disparities in health and health CARE: Five key questions and answers. Samantha Artiga Follow @SArtiga2 on Twitter, K. (2020, April 01). Retrieved February 02, 2021, from https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-care-five-key-questions-and-answers/
Elements that define recovery: the experiential perspective. Kaskutas LA, Borkman TJ, Laudet A, Ritter LA, Witbrodt J, Subbaraman MS, Stunz A, Bond J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014 Nov; 75(6):999-1010.
Jones, J. M. (2022, February 18). LGBT identification in U.S. ticks up to 7.1%. Gallup.com. Retrieved June 1, 2022, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/389792/lgbt-identification-ticks-up.aspx
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Women and alcohol. Brochures and Fact Sheets. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/women-and-alcohol.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Other psychiatric disorders. Alcohol’s Effects on Health website. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ alcohol-health/special-populations-co-occurring-disorders/other-psychiatric-disorders
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Special populations & co-occurring disorders. Alcohol’s Effects on Health website. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ alcohol-health/special-populations-co-occurring-disorders
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Minority health and health disparities. Special populations and co-occurring-disorders. Alcohol’s Effects on Health website. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/special-populations-co-occurring-disorders/diversity-health-disparities.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Older adults. Alcohol’s Effects on Health website. Accessed November 3, 2020. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/older-adults.
KFF/The Undefeated Survey On Race And Health: Key Findings. Liz Hamel, VP and Director, Public Opinion and Survey Research. December 11, 2020
Shadmi, E., Chen, Y., Dourado, I., Faran-Perach, I., Furler, J., Hangoma, P., . . . Willems, S. (2020). Health equity and COVID-19: Global perspectives. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1), 104-104. doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01218-z
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2020). Health disparities widget. Health Disparities Widget | Healthy People 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2022, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/data-search/health-disparities-data/health-disparities-widget
U.S. Department of Commerce. (2021). U.S. Census Bureau quickfacts: United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities. The National Plan for Action Draft as of February 17, 2010 [Internet]. Chapter 1: Introduction. Available from: http://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/templates/browse.aspx?&lvl=2&lvlid=34.
Wagner, E. F., & Baldwin, J. A. (2020). Recovery in Special Emphasis Populations. Alcohol research: current reviews, 40(3).
Wagner EF, Spadola C, Davis J. Chapter 12: Addictive behaviours during emerging adulthood. In: Begun AL, Murray M, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Social Work and Addictive Behaviours. 2020.
